The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is an supranationalistic organization that offers a broad range of services for resolving disputes amongst States and disputes amidst States and private parties. These services include good offices and mediation, commissions of inquiry for fact-finding, conciliation, and arbitration (Permanent Court of Arbitration, 1998).
The PCA was established at The Hague by intergovernmental agreement in 1899 and is the oldest institution in the world dedicated to resolving international disputes. It was the result of the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, cogitate at The Hague during the First Hague Peace Conference. This Conference had been convened at the green light of tzar Nicolas II of Russia with the object of seeking the most accusatory means of ensuring to all peoples the benefits of a lasting peace and control the progressive development of armaments (Permanent Court of Arbitration, 1999).
The most concrete and all important(predicate) achievement of the 1899 Conference was the establishment of the PCA as the first ball-shaped mechanism for the settlement of inter-state disputes. It was signed into law by such world leaders as the German and Austrian emperors, the kings of Hungary
and was therefore more international in scope than
The ICJ is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year toll of office by the United Nations General Assembly and the security department Council sitting self-employed personly of each other. The Members of the Court are independent magistrates who do not represent their governments. Each judge must possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices or be jurists of recognized competence in international law (Witteveen, 2001).
BECK Index. (2001). Grotius on international law. 2001. Available at www.beck.org.WPII-Grotius.html.
Michael Nash (1999) has pointed bulge that the 1907 Second Hague Peace Conference marked a number point in the life of the PCA.
With war looming on the horizon, Tsar Nicolas II asked Kaiser Wilhelm to join with him in sending the dispute between Austria and Serbia to The Hague. However, the PCA was unsuccessful in resolving this dispute, and World War I erupted.
On balance, it would appear that the PCA enjoys a greater command of enforcement than does the ICJ. The PCA withal addresses issues and concerns brought to it by non-State actors. The efficacy of the ICJ appears to depend in large invoice upon the willingness of State Parties to follow or adhere to ICJ rulings. The ICJ lacks an enforcement arm, which is not provided by the Security Council or even by United Nations peacekeeping operation Forces. The ICJ's primary function appears to be developing a body of international law that will hopefully become a mechanism for meaningful dispute resolution in the future.
On many occasions, the ICJ, like the Permanent Court of International Justice, has contributed to the definition of the principles governing State responsibility with regard to the subjective and accusing aspects of internationally wrongful acts and the consequences of such acts. Many other decisions of the ICJ in areas as diverse as asylum, the law of international
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